In 1881, The Order of True Reformers was founded by William Washington Browne in Richmond, Virginia.

In 1881, The Order of True Reformers was founded by William Washington Browne in Richmond, Virginia.

The Order was a fraternal organization of African Americans in southern states organized for the purpose of setting up business and social avenues in which Negroes could participate. Several prosperous business enterprises came out of The Order, including those that sold insurance to blacks when other companies refused.
A savings bank was established in 1888 and in 1892 a real estate department was formed. In January 1893, they began publishing a bimonthly newspaper. In 1899, The Order received a charter for the Reformers’ Mercantile and Industrial Association, the purpose of which was to manufacture, buy, and sell, groceries, goods, and articles of merchandise of any description. This was the beginning of the Negro businessman in insurance and banking. The story of the organization is told in “The Black Lodge in White America: True Reformer Browne and His Economic Strategy” (1994).

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Medieval Torture for the unfaithful,

Image
Medieval Torture for the unfaithful, here is but just seven of them which if you were unfaithful or a criminal or even just a wroungun you may have received a very sore end on some of these devices  1. Flaying is a method of slow and painful torture and/or execution in which skin is removed from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact 2.The Heretic's fork was a small metal device with two opposed bi-pronged forks attached to a belt. One sharp end was placed against the victim’s throat and the other against their sternum. The victim was forced to hold their head up; if they dropped it, the prongs would pierce their neck and chest. 3. Rat torture was a method used in medieval times. It involved putting a pot of hungry rats into a cage that was strapped to the victim's stomach. The cage was then slowly heated, causing the distressed rats to chew and claw through the victim, trying to escape 4.Crucifixion was once a brutal form of humilia...
Read more

10 REASONS NOT TO DATE AN OLDER WOMAN.

Image
10 REASONS NOT TO DATE AN OLDER WOMAN. 1. SHE IS DISRESPECTFUL An older woman won't respect you because she sees you as her junior or a boy not mature enough to guide her. She is probably funding your lifestyle and this makes her disrespect you even more.  2. SHE IS ANGRY Since she is older, she will not plug into your masculine energy. This leaves her empty, deprived and frustrated. What follows is a series of drama and chaos including alcoholism. She hates her life, she is angry at herself and therefore she will project this anger towards you.  3. SHE IS REBELLIOUS An older woman believes she is more mature and experienced than you in the marriage. She will openly refuse your instructions and order. She will ridicule your actions and defy you both in public and private. 4. SHE IS MANIPULATIVE An older woman will manipulate you for her own egocentric needs. She will trick you to make wrong decisions that fulfil her temporary desires then when things backfire she will blame yo...
Read more

Why Onitsha Has No Omu

Image
Women in Igbo History: Omu Nwagboka (A Case Study) Why Onitsha Has No Omu In Western Igbo culture, the belief in the duality of masculine and feminine roles is embodied in the institution of the Omu (Queen Mother). The Omu is the female counterpart to the Obi in Western Igbo (Anioma) society. Omu Nwagboka served as the Omu of Onitsha from 1884 to 1890. She hailed from Ogbotu, in the Ogbendida village of the Umuezearoli lineage. Her appointment as Omu occurred during the reign of His Majesty, Obi Anazonwu. As Omu, Nwagboka led the women's ivory society known as Otu Ọdụ, a prestigious group of titled women permitted to carry elephant ivory, a privilege typically reserved for men in the Ọzọ society. She also headed the women's guild called Otu Ogene. The Omu wielded significant power in the town, controlling commercial activities, managing markets, regulating prices, and determining which foreign traders could operate in the markets. She was responsible for servicing market shrine...
Read more

The way Geologists determine the difference between Clay/Mud.

Image
The way Geologists determine the difference between Clay/Mud, Silt, Sand, Pebbles and Boulders is based on the size of the Grains, this is because its all different stages of the same stuff being broken down. Petrified Cedar is chemically the same as Silica/Sand, Petrified Red Cedar Tree Sap is chemically the same as Quartz. There are companies that make sand from petrified wood (think of how much sand is in the world and where it all came from) this information is not based in theory but observable testable reality. Before the birth of the world we inhabit today, long before the fabricated 'recorded' history we've been fed was written, the entire Earth/Realm was a thriving Jungle, These Giant Trees Provided a canopy that would have covered the entire sky. The difference in size from an Ant to a Human is the scale between the Ancient Giant Trees and the Trees we have today. You need to throw all of the mainstream science supporting fake history in the bin, it's all bou...
Read more

HOW THE APOSTLES DIED.

Image
HOW THE APOSTLES DIED. 1. Matthew. Suffered martyrdom in Ethiopia, Killed by a sword wound. 2. Mark. Died in Alexandria, Egypt , after being dragged by Horses through the streets until he was dead. 3. Luke. Was hanged in Greece as a result of his tremendous Preaching to the lost. 4. John. Faced martyrdom when he was boiled in huge Basin of boiling oil during a wave of persecution In Rome. However, he was miraculously delivered From death. John was then sentenced to the mines on the prison Island of Patmos. He wrote his prophetic Book of Revelation on Patmos . The apostle John was later freed and returned to serve As Bishop of Edessa in modern Turkey . He died as an old man, the only apostle to die peacefully 5. Peter. He was crucified upside down on an x shaped cross. According to church tradition it was because he told his tormentors that he felt unworthy to die In the same way that Jesus Christ had died. 6. James. The leader of the church in Jerusalem , was thrown over a hundred feet...
Read more

the Chippewa Flowage.

Image
Every year, dozens of local boat owners in Wisconsin band together to move a giant floating island on Lake Chippewa, also known as the Chippewa Flowage. This floating island, known as the "Forty Acre Bog," is composed of peat, plant roots, mud, and even mature trees. These trees act as sails, catching the wind and moving the island around the lake. When the bog drifts and blocks a crucial bridge connecting the east and west sides of the lake, it requires a community effort to push it back into position using their boats. The floating bogs formed over time as peat bogs from the lake's swampy bottom rose to the surface, creating a habitat rich in biodiversity. Moving the bog is a complex task that relies on favorable wind conditions, and it often requires multiple attempts to place it correctly, or it will drift back within days. This annual task, while challenging, highlights the community's dedication to preserving the natural environment and maintaining access across...
Read more

As a WOMAN, once you PLACE your VALUE on MONEY

Image
As a WOMAN, once you PLACE your VALUE on MONEY, there are THOUSANDS of MEN who are willing and ready to PAY the HIGH PRICE just to make you USELESS and WORTHLESS, by so doing, your VALUE/INTEGRITY is TARNISHED and VALUELESS.. Many MEN will come just for what you have as an ENJOYMENT and they will give you whatever you want just to have it. A lot of DESTINIES have been DESTROYED as a result of this. Many WOMBS have been DESTROYED.. Many GREAT STARS have been taken away.. Listen, if as a WOMAN, you SLEEP with any MAN you want, it's not because you are of HIGH VALUE, it's because you are EASY.. A WOMAN'S VALUE LIES in her BODY. If you think by SLEEPING with a lot of UNWORTHY MEN, your VALUE will INCREASE, TIME will prove you WRONG.  DEAR SISTERS please RESPECT yourselves. Truth is most THINGS you OPEN your LEGS for are very CHEAP and AFFORDABLE if you have a JOB, a SKILL or a TRADE.  In addendum: These WOMEN are not SLEEPING with themselves. I see no difference between a WOMA...
Read more

The Vasa, a heavily armed Swedish warship

Image
The Vasa, a heavily armed Swedish warship , sank in 1628 AD, less than a mile into its maiden voyage due to design flaws. Its top-heavy structure, burdened by 64 bronze cannons, coupled with insufficient ballast, made it unstable and led to its quick demise. After spending 333 years on the sea floor, it was recovered in 1961 in nearly perfect condition. Now displayed at the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, it is celebrated as the best-preserved ship from the 17th century. The cold, brackish waters of the Baltic Sea played a crucial role in preserving the Vasa and its artifacts, making its recovery and ongoing conservation a significant achievement in marine archaeology.
Read more

THE RISE OF ISLAMISM AND 'ARABISM' IN AFRICA

Image
THE RISE OF ISLAMISM AND 'ARABISM' IN AFRICA (a revolution, birthed in bloodshed and slavery) "Damn this world! Damn this time! Damn this fate! Where are your valiant warriors and priests? Where are your hunting parties and your feasts? Where is that war-like spirit? And where are those great armies that destroyed our country's foes? Count Iran as a ruin, as a lair of lions and leopards... Look now and despair." -Persian poet, Fedussi(transl: A. Sese, 2019) These words of lament were written in what is today Iran, when the Arabs forces and turks marched on Constantinople, a capital city of  Byzantium (eastern Roman empire that remained when Rome was destroyed by European barbarian tribes of the Goths and Lombards). Constantinople was in what is today Turkey, the birth place of Christendom in 325 CE, that was to be eclipsed by the forces of Islamism and Mohammedanism, beginning from 674 CE... and the famous church in that city, the Haggia Sophia, is today a mosque....
Read more

People called Mary McLeod Bethune "The First Lady of The Struggle.

Image
People called Mary McLeod Bethune "The First Lady of The Struggle. " The struggle being improving life for African Americans. Born in 1875 in a small cabin close to Mayesville, South Carolina, Mary was the fifteenth of seventeen children of parents who had been enslaved. From a young age, Mary was inspired to learn. With encouragement from her parents, she'd walk five miles a day to attend the mission school nearby. The experience set a foundation for her life. "The whole world opened to me when I learned to read," Mary would say. For Mary, her love for learning evolved into a profession of teaching. And after some years of being a teacher, Mary opened the Daytona Literary and Industrial Training Institute for Negro Girls in 1904. The initial class of six students learned from a curriculum that began at 5:30am with Bible study and continued throughout the day with a focus on self-sufficiency skills development until the school day ended at 9pm. And with sparse f...
Read more